世界プライバシー宣言（Global Privacy Standards for a Global World）

マドリッドで開催された世界プライバシーコミッショナー会議において，世界プライバシー宣言（Global Privacy Standards for a Global World （直訳：グローバル世界のためのグローバルなプライバシー標準））が採択された。思わず，個人的に交友のあるプライバシーコミッショナーの方々（元プライバシーコミッショナーの方を含む。）の顔が脳裏に浮かんでしまった。社会のありとあらゆる部面においてプライバシーが丸裸にされつつある現状を考えると，とても画期的な出来事だと思う。

　Global Privacy Standards for a Global World
　The Civil Society Declaration
　Madrid, Spain
　3 November 2009
　http://thepublicvoice.org/madrid-declaration/

　Declaration on Global Privacy Standards
　EDRI: 5 November, 2009
　http://www.edri.org/edrigram/number7.21/privacy-standards-global

この宣言の文面は，下記のとおりだ。一読すれば即座に理解できるとおり，今後，個人情報やプライバシーの保護を考える上で，非常に重要な文書の一つとなることは間違いない。

Affirming that privacy is a fundamental human right set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and other human rights instruments and national constitutions;
Reminding the EU member countries of their obligations to enforce the provisions of the 1995 Data Protection Directive and the 2002 Electronic Communications Directive;
Reminding the other OECD member countries of their obligations to uphold the principles set out in the 1980 OECD Privacy Guidelines;
Reminding all countries of their obligations to safeguard the civil rights of their citizens and residents under the provisions of their national constitutions and laws, as well as international human rights law;
Anticipating the entry into force of provisions strengthening the Constitutional rights to privacy and data protection in the European Union;
Noting with alarm the dramatic expansion of secret and unaccountable surveillance, as well as the growing collaboration between governments and vendors of surveillance technology that establish new forms of social control;
Further noting that new strategies to pursue copyright and unlawful content investigations pose substantial threats to communications privacy, intellectual freedom, and due process of law;
Further noting the growing consolidation of Internet-based services, and the fact that some corporations are acquiring vast amounts of personal data without independent oversight;
Warning that privacy law and privacy institutions have failed to take full account of new surveillance practices, including behavioral targeting, databases of DNA and other biometric identifiers, the fusion of data between the public and private sectors, and the particular risks to vulnerable groups, including children, migrants, and minorities;
Warning that the failure to safeguard privacy jeopardizes associated freedoms, including freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, freedom of access to information, non-discrimination, and ultimately the stability of constitutional democracies;
Civil Society takes the occasion of the 31st annual meeting of the International Conference of Privacy and Data Protection Commissioners to:

(1) Reaffirm support for a global framework of Fair Information Practices that places obligations on those who collect and process personal information and gives rights to those whose personal information is collected;
(2) Reaffirm support for independent data protection authorities that make determinations, in the context of a legal framework, transparently and without commercial advantage or political influence;
(3) Reaffirm support for genuine Privacy Enhancing Techniques that minimize or eliminate the collection of personally identifiable information and for meaningful Privacy Impact Assessments that require compliance with privacy standards;
(4) Urge countries that have not ratified Council of Europe Convention 108 together with the Protocol of 2001 to do so as expeditiously as possible;
(5) Urge countries that have not yet established a comprehensive framework for privacy protection and an independent data protection authority to do so as expeditiously as possible;
(6) Urge those countries that have established legal frameworks for privacy protection to ensure effective implementation and enforcement, and to cooperate at the international and regional level;
(7) Urge countries to ensure that individuals are promptly notified when their personal information is improperly disclosed or used in a manner inconsistent with its collection;
(8) Recommend comprehensive research into the adequacy of techniques that “deidentify” data to determine whether in practice such methods safeguard privacy and anonymity;
(9) Call for a moratorium on the development or implementation of new systems of mass surveillance, including facial recognition, whole body imaging, biometric identifiers, and embedded RFID tags, subject to a full and transparent evaluation by independent authorities and democratic debate; and
(10) Call for the establishment of a new international framework for privacy protection, with the full participation of civil society, that is based on the rule of law, respect for fundamental human rights, and support for democratic institutions.

3 November 2009
Madrid, Spain

ところで，日本は，プライバシーコミッショナー制度や個人データ保護官といった制度を有しない国なので，法的に正確な意味でのプライバシーコミッショナーをこの会議に出席させることができない。一応，出席している方もあるが，日本国の法解釈上，法的にはプライバシーコミッショナーとしての権限と責務を全く有していない。

このことは，世界裁判官会議でも同じで，裁判所当局と対等に交渉する権利を有する裁判官組合が存在している場合，その組合代表が世界裁判官会議に出席する権限を有する。日本では最高裁の担当者が出席しているが，法的にはどういう資格で出席していることになるのか非常に奇妙な現象であると言える。

同様の例は，他にも数え切れないほどたくさんある。

このように，日本の国家制度は，非常に多くの分野で世界の基準とは徹底的にかけ離れているのだが，これまで「先進国」の一員として自負してきたことこそが（世界の目から見れば）最も奇妙な現象の一つだったかもしれない。